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Ethnic Differences in Dose and Levels of Clozapine: Exploring Need for Any Specific Monitoring Needs
- Stephen Jiwanmall, Nilamadhab Kar, Akua Obuobie, Tanay Maiti, Deborah Lester, Kerry Mclaughlin, Thomas Hanson
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 9 / Issue S1 / July 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 July 2023, p. S136
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Aims
Clinical research shows that compared to Caucasian patients, Asian patients appear to have a lower clozapine dose requirement for clinical efficacy. Hence, appropriate dose adjustment should be considered in Asian patients receiving maintenance clozapine therapy. Secondly, studies in the UK report that Asian patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia were less likely to receive clozapine than Caucasian patients. The objectives of this study were to find out the ethnic difference in dose and levels of clozapine in ethnic minority patient (BME (Black and minority ethnic) populations and to explore if there is a need for any specific monitoring.
MethodsDemographic (age, gender, and ethnicity) and clinical variables (diagnosis, clozapine dose, plasma level of clozapine and nor-clozapine, smoking status, side effect profile, and physical comorbidities) were collected from the electronic patient records and analysed.
ResultsThe sample consisted of 66 (56.4%) Caucasians, 22 (18.8%) Asians, 21 (17.9%) African-Caribbean, and 8 (6.8%) mixed ethnicity patients. Their age range was 19-80, with an average of 46.9 ±11.9 years.
Among the ethnic groups, age, clozapine, nor-clozapine level and QTc were comparable, except for the dose of clozapine; Caucasian had the highest dose (414.8±140.0 mg), followed by African-Caribbean (373.8±163.7 mg), Asian (333.8±121.2 mg) and mixed (260.7±110.7 mg) (F3.68, p<0.05). The difference remained significant when all the BME groups were combined as well.
Side effects such as hypersalivation, drowsiness, blurred vision, polyuria, sore throat, headache, vomiting (none), dizziness, difficulty passing urine, urine incontinence, flu-like symptoms, nausea, were comparable among ethnic groups.
There was no difference in smoking among the groups. Considering comorbidities compared to BME, Caucasians had significantly lower rate of hypertension (27.1% vs 9.1%, p<0.01); diabetes (18.6% vs 4.5%, p<0.05), however dyslipidemia (5.1% vs 3.0%) was comparable.
In addition to the above, the dose of clozapine was positively correlated with clozapine and norclozapine levels (p<0.05). Clozapine and norclozapine levels correlated significantly (p<0.001). Age was negatively correlated with norclozapine assay (p<0.05) and positively with the number of cigarettes. It appears as the age increases, the number of cigarettes goes up, and norclozapine levels come down.
ConclusionThere are a few variations of clozapine prescribing in different ethnic groups. Although the Caucasians had higher doses, they had comparable blood levels. A higher proportion of BME patients on clozapine had hypertension and diabetes, emphasizing metabolic risk. Our study findings suggest clozapine monitoring should look into ethnicity related risk factors.
Defining the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the relationship between fetal growth and adult cardiometabolic outcomes
- Wrivu N. Martin, Carol A. Wang, Stephen J. Lye, Rebecca M. Reynolds, Stephen G. Matthews, Carly E. McLaughlin, Christopher Oldmeadow, Trevor A. Mori, Lawrence Beilin, Roger Smith, Craig E. Pennell
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- Journal:
- Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease / Volume 13 / Issue 6 / December 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 April 2022, pp. 683-694
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Animal and human data demonstrate independent relationships between fetal growth, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function (HPA-A) and adult cardiometabolic outcomes. While the association between fetal growth and adult cardiometabolic outcomes is well-established, the role of the HPA-A in these relationships is unclear. This study aims to determine whether HPA-A function mediates or moderates this relationship. Approximately 2900 pregnant women were recruited between 1989-1991 in the Raine Study. Detailed anthropometric data was collected at birth (per cent optimal birthweight [POBW]). The Trier Social Stress Test was administered to the offspring (Generation 2; Gen2) at 18 years; HPA-A responses were determined (reactive responders [RR], anticipatory responders [AR] and non-responders [NR]). Cardiometabolic parameters (BMI, systolic BP [sBP] and LDL cholesterol) were measured at 20 years. Regression modelling demonstrated linear associations between POBW and BMI and sBP; quadratic associations were observed for LDL cholesterol. For every 10% increase in POBW, there was a 0.54 unit increase in BMI (standard error [SE] 0.15) and a 0.65 unit decrease in sBP (SE 0.34). The interaction between participant’s fetal growth and HPA-A phenotype was strongest for sBP in young adulthood. Interactions for BMI and LDL-C were non-significant. Decomposition of the total effect revealed no causal evidence of mediation or moderation.
Measuring early life adversity: A dimensional approach
- Ilana S. Berman, Katie A. McLaughlin, Nim Tottenham, Keith Godfrey, Teresa Seeman, Eric Loucks, Stephen Suomi, Andrea Danese, Margaret A. Sheridan
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- Journal:
- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 34 / Issue 2 / May 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 March 2022, pp. 499-511
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Exposure to adversity in childhood is associated with elevations in numerous physical and mental health outcomes across the life course. The biological embedding of early experience during periods of developmental plasticity is one pathway that contributes to these associations. Dimensional models specify mechanistic pathways linking different dimensions of adversity to health and well-being outcomes later in life. While findings from existing studies testing these dimensions have provided promising preliminary support for these models, less agreement exists about how to measure the experiences that comprise each dimension. Here, we review existing approaches to measuring two dimensions of adversity: threat and deprivation. We recommend specific measures for measuring these constructs and, when possible, document when the same measure can be used by different reporters and across the lifespan to maximize the utility with which these recommendations can be applied. Through this approach, we hope to stimulate progress in understanding how particular dimensions of early environmental experience contribute to lifelong health.
A natural language processing approach to modelling treatment alliance in psychotherapy transcripts
- Jihan Ryu, Stephen Heisig, Caroline McLaughlin, Rebeccah Bortz, Michael Katz, Xiaosi Gu
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 7 / Issue S1 / June 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 June 2021, p. S48
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Aims
Patient-therapist alliance is a critical factor in psychotherapy treatment outcomes. This pilot will identify language concepts in psychotherapy transcripts correlating with the valence of treatment alliance using natural language processing tools. Specifically, high-order linguistic features will be extracted through exploratory analysis of texts and interpreted for their power to discriminate alliance rated by patients.
MethodAdult patients and therapists in outpatient clinic at various stages of relationship building and treatment goals consented to participate in the cross-sectional study approved by the Institutional Board Review. Psychotherapy sessions were recorded using wireless microphones and transcribed by two research assistants. After the recording, each patient completed Working Alliance Inventory– Short Form, to generate clinical scores of alliance. We used the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) tool to map words to psycholinguistic categories, and generated novel linguistic parameters describing the individual language for each speaker role. Canonical-correlational analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the two datasets.
ResultPatients (N = 12, 83% female, mean age = 40) were primarily diagnosed with personality disorders (67%) working on real-life interpersonal issues (median treatment duration 18.5 weeks, 50% psychodynamic, 32% cognitive-behavioral, 16% supportive modality). In this heterogenous sample, patients who used the “achieve” (e.g. trying, better, success, failure) and “swear” psycholinguistic categories of words rated the treatment alliance lower (r=−0.70, p = 0.01; r=−0.65, p = 0.02). Patients rated alliance lower with therapists, who used more “I” pronoun (r=−0.58, p < 0.05) and higher with therapists using more “risk” (difficult, safe, crisis) and “power” (important, strong, inferior, passive) categories (r = 0.66, p = 0.02, r = 0.58, p < 0.05), which commonly appeared in psychoeducation and conceptual framing of problems. Interestingly, there was no correlation with “affiliation” category (p = 0.9). Linear regression modeling from “achieve,” “swear” variables and “I,” “risk” variables with duration of treatment as covariate predicted the patient's rating of alliance (Adjusted R2 = 0.66, p = 0.03).
ConclusionOur data collection and sub-sample analysis are ongoing. Preliminary results are showing speaker-specific language patterns in cognitive-emotional domain, e.g. self-expressivity, and in clinician's therapy style, covarying with the patient's perceived closeness in the heterogenous treatment dyads. Novel application of natural language processing to characterize alliance using the data-driven approach is an unbiased method that can provide feedback to clinicians and patients. This characterization can also potentially provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic process and help develop psycholinguistic markers for this critical clinical phenomena.
Sensitive periods for the effect of childhood interpersonal violence on psychiatric disorder onset among adolescents
- Erin C. Dunn, Yan Wang, Jenny Tse, Katie A. McLaughlin, Garrett Fitzmaurice, Stephen E. Gilman, Ezra S. Susser
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 211 / Issue 6 / December 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 365-372
- Print publication:
- December 2017
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Background
Although childhood adversity is a strong determinant of psychopathology, it remains unclear whether there are ‘sensitive periods’ when a first episode of adversity is most harmful.
AimsTo examine whether variation in the developmental timing of a first episode of interpersonal violence (up to age 18) associates with risk for psychopathology.
MethodUsing cross-sectional data, we examined the association between age at first exposure to four types of interpersonal violence (physical abuse by parents, physical abuse by others, rape, and sexual assault/molestation) and onset of four classes of DSM-IV disorders (distress, fear, behaviour, substance use) (n=9984). Age at exposure was defined as: early childhood (ages 0–5), middle childhood (ages 6–10) and adolescence (ages 11–18).
ResultsExposure to interpersonal violence at any age period about doubled the risk of a psychiatric disorder (odds ratios (ORs) = 1.51–2.52). However, few differences in risk were observed based on the timing of first exposure. After conducting 20 tests of association, only three significant differences in risk were observed based on the timing of exposure; these results suggested an elevated risk of behaviour disorder among youth first exposed to any type of interpersonal violence during adolescence (OR = 2.37, 95% CI 1.69–3.34), especially being beaten by another person (OR = 2.44; 95% CI 1.57–3.79), and an elevated risk of substance use disorder among youth beaten by someone during adolescence (OR=2.77, 95% CI 1.94–3.96).
ConclusionsChildren exposed to interpersonal violence had an elevated risk of psychiatric disorder. However, age at first episode of exposure was largely unassociated with psychopathology risk.
The Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative (ONDRI)
- Sali M. K. Farhan, Robert Bartha, Sandra E. Black, Dale Corbett, Elizabeth Finger, Morris Freedman, Barry Greenberg, David A. Grimes, Robert A. Hegele, Chris Hudson, Peter W. Kleinstiver, Anthony E. Lang, Mario Masellis, William E. McIlroy, Paula M. McLaughlin, Manuel Montero-Odasso, David G. Munoz, Douglas P. Munoz, Stephen Strother, Richard H. Swartz, Sean Symons, Maria Carmela Tartaglia, Lorne Zinman, ONDRI Investigators, Michael J. Strong
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 44 / Issue 2 / March 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 December 2016, pp. 196-202
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Because individuals develop dementia as a manifestation of neurodegenerative or neurovascular disorder, there is a need to develop reliable approaches to their identification. We are undertaking an observational study (Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative [ONDRI]) that includes genomics, neuroimaging, and assessments of cognition as well as language, speech, gait, retinal imaging, and eye tracking. Disorders studied include Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and vascular cognitive impairment. Data from ONDRI will be collected into the Brain-CODE database to facilitate correlative analysis. ONDRI will provide a repertoire of endophenotyped individuals that will be a unique, publicly available resource.
Chapter Nine - Everett Hughes on Race: Wedded to an Antiquated Paradigm
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- By Neil McLaughlin, McMaster University in Hamilton, Stephen Steinberg, City University of New York
- Edited by Rick Helmes-Hayes, Marco Santoro
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- Book:
- The Anthem Companion to Everett Hughes
- Published by:
- Anthem Press
- Published online:
- 17 June 2017
- Print publication:
- 01 December 2016, pp 211-234
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Summary
Thus in effect, on matters of race, the Racial Contract prescribes for its signatories an inverted epistemology, an epistemology of ignorance, a particular pattern of localized and global dysfunctions […] producing the ironic outcome that whites will in general be unable to understand the world they themselves have made.
(Charles W. Mills, The Racial Contract[1977: 18])Everett Cherrington Hughes had his rendezvous with history on 28 August 1963, when he delivered the presidential address at the Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association (ASA) in Los Angeles. His title was ‘Race Relations and the Sociological Imagination’. The thrust of his peroration was to ask why sociology failed to anticipate the civil rights revolution that had thrown the entire society into crisis. By uncanny coincidence, Hughes’ ASA address occurred on the very same day as the March on Washington, when Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous ‘I Have a Dream’ speech.
Here we have a startling contrast of two iconic figures – one an erudite professor, accustomed to the cloistered university that was deliberately walled off from the noise and distraction of the world outside, in this case Chicago’ South Side, one of the nation’ largest ghettos; the other a preacher and activist who led a grass-roots movement by an oppressed people, demanding the elementary civil rights supposedly restored by the Reconstruction amendments at the end of the Civil War and vitiated by the so-called Jim Crow system that were the living legacy of slavery.
Thus it came to be that Hughes and King were thrust onto the stage of history in August 1963. This was a pivotal moment in the history of the civil rights revolution. After a decade of grass-roots protest, the 1964 Civil Rights Act was wending its way through Congress, and it was not clear whether there were enough votes in Congress to break a filibuster by Senate Dixiecrats, who for decades had thwarted even anti-lynching legislation. Leaders of the movement had planned a March on Washington under the banner of ‘For Jobs and Freedom’, despite President John F. Kennedy’ apprehension that the march might kill any chance of getting civil rights bills through Congress. In short, the danger was real that the civil rights revolution would come to naught.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Cognitive Processes and School Learning: A Review of Research on Cognition in Africa
- Stephen D. McLaughlin
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- Journal:
- African Studies Review / Volume 19 / Issue 1 / April 1976
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 May 2014, pp. 75-94
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Cross-cultural research is like virtue—everybody is in favor of it, but there are widely differing views as to what it is and ought to be.
— N. Frijda and G. Jahoda
Cross-cultural investigation of cognition is an endeavor with its own special problems. Numerous and elusive variables to be controlled, experimental results that are frequently inconclusive or difficult to interpret, the necessity for skills in other disciplines—these are the nemeses of cross-cultural psychological researchers. Yet if psychology is to have a more universally applicable perspective on cognitive functioning than it possesses at the present time, psychologists will need to find ways to live and work with such difficulties. This paper will review some of the attempts at such research conducted by psychologists who seek to understand cognitive processes as they are manifested among African peoples.
Before the formal study of cognitive processes across cultures began, there was a long dialogue among scholars of various persuasions comparing the mental faculties of people in different cultures. While this paper is concerned primarily with a review of experimental studies of cognition, an awareness of some of these earlier philosophical/theoretical discussions provides a useful backdrop for the consideration of the formal psychological studies. Crystallized within the discussions are some of the enduring issues that have confronted cross-cultural researchers.
Often, these discussions centered around highly controversial issues. One of the major controversies of cross-cultural research is the question of whether or not the mental processes of people in nontechnological societies differ qualitatively from the mental processes of people in technological societies.
Contributors
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- By Kumar Alagappan, Janet G. Alteveer, Kim Askew, Paul S. Auerbach, Katherine Bakes, Kip Benko, Paul D. Biddinger, Victoria Brazil, Anthony FT Brown, Andrew K. Chang, Alice Chiao, Wendy C. Coates, Jamie Collings, Gilbert Abou Dagher, Jonathan E. Davis, Peter DeBlieux, Alessandro Dellai, Emily Doelger, Pamela L. Dyne, Gino Farina, Robert Galli, Gus M. Garmel, Daniel Garza, Laleh Gharahbaghian, Gregory H. Gilbert, Michael A. Gisondi, Steven Go, Jeffrey M. Goodloe, Swaminatha V. Gurudevan, Micelle J. Haydel, Stephen R. Hayden, Corey R. Heitz, Gregory W. Hendey, Mel Herbert, Cherri Hobgood, Michelle Huston, Loretta Jackson-Williams, Anja K. Jaehne, Mary Beth Johnson, H. Brendan Kelleher, Peter G Kumasaka, Melissa J. Lamberson, Mary Lanctot-Herbert, Erik Laurin, Brian Lin, Michelle Lin, Douglas Lowery-North, Sharon E. Mace, S. V. Mahadevan, Thomas M. Mailhot, Diku Mandavia, David E. Manthey, Jorge A. Martinez, Amal Mattu, Lynne McCullough, Steve McLaughlin, Timothy Meyers, Gregory J. Moran, Randall T. Myers, Christopher R.H. Newton, Flavia Nobay, Robert L. Norris, Catherine Oliver, Jennifer A. Oman, Rita Oregon, Phillips Perera, Susan B. Promes, Emanuel P. Rivers, John S. Rose, Carolyn J. Sachs, Jairo I. Santanilla, Rawle A. Seupaul, Fred A. Severyn, Ghazala Q. Sharieff, Lee W. Shockley, Stefanie Simmons, Barry C. Simon, Shannon Sovndal, George Sternbach, Matthew Strehlow, Eustacia (Jo) Su, Stuart P. Swadron, Jeffrey A. Tabas, Sophie Terp, R. Jason Thurman, David A. Wald, Sarah R. Williams, Teresa S. Wu, Ken Zafren
- Edited by S. V. Mahadevan, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Gus M. Garmel
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- Book:
- An Introduction to Clinical Emergency Medicine
- Published online:
- 05 May 2012
- Print publication:
- 10 April 2012, pp xi-xvi
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7 - Routing strategies in multi-hop CDMA networks
- Edited by Harald Haas, Universität Bremen, Stephen McLaughlin, University of Edinburgh
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- Next Generation Mobile Access Technologies
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- 02 September 2009
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- 10 January 2008, pp 186-213
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Summary
Multi-hop relaying routing protocols have been investigated for CDMA air interfaces in conventional cellular scenarios, as described in Chapter 6 and in (Harold and Nix, 2000a) (Harold and Nix, 2000b). This chapter compares the performance of ODMA with direct transmission for cases where links maybe required directly to other nodes, as well as to a controlling (backbone) node, and presents two new routing algorithms.
For an interference-limited system, it is shown that the topology cannot be supported by a conventional (single-hop) system, but that a relayed system is able to provide service. As an enhancement to path loss routing, a new admission control and routing algorithm based on receiver interference is presented which is shown to further enhance performance.
A second new routing algorithm, which considers the interaction between all receivers in the system by means of a ‘congestion’ measure is presented. This approach allows for routing that is optimised for the entire system, not just a particular route under arbitrary starting conditions. This is possible under both central and local parameter gathering scenarios. Through formulating this measure into the power control equations it is possible to determine system feasibility, although this is a conservative criterion due to approximations in the formulation. This congestion-based routing is shown to outperform non-relaying and any previous routing technique in available capacity for the new network topologies, and has the lowest transmitted power requirement of all investigated methods.
1 - Introduction
- Edited by Harald Haas, Universität Bremen, Stephen McLaughlin, University of Edinburgh
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Introduction
Over the last 20 years personal computers have developed as a mass consumer product which, coupled with the growth in widespread broadband access, offers users a multiplicity of services. The Internet is an enormous source of information (both valid and invalid) that has evolved into a virtual store, a library, a chat-room and a playground, and has enabled novel means of interacting. The simple email service is an example of how material streams (transport of letters, documents, etc.) have been replaced by information streams. These issues are leading to fundamental changes in how we do things.
A further significant step in the ‘digital revolution’ has been the demand for mobility, the so called anyone, anywhere, anytime mentality. Over the world digital mobile telephony has been a huge success. In particular, in Europe, the foundation was laid when 13 countries agreed to adopt a single digital standard for cellular mobile communications (The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed on 7 September 1987 in Copenhagen). The development of the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) followed, and the historic milestone of 1 billion mobile subscribers was reached in 2000 (Eylert, 2000). It is predicted that by the year 2010 there will be more than 1.7 billion terrestrial mobile subscribers worldwide.
Bibliography
- Edited by Harald Haas, Universität Bremen, Stephen McLaughlin, University of Edinburgh
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10 - Interference-based cancellation techniques for TDD
- Edited by Harald Haas, Universität Bremen, Stephen McLaughlin, University of Edinburgh
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9 - Radio resource metric estimation
- Edited by Harald Haas, Universität Bremen, Stephen McLaughlin, University of Edinburgh
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- 10 January 2008, pp 228-270
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Summary
Until now, the focus of the book has been on interference analysis and management for either a cellular TDD-CDMA system or an ODMA enhanced TDD-CDMA system. Interference management can be viewed as a form of resource management. In this chapter the issue of link adaptation is addressed with a focus on what metrics are appropriate to enable radio resource management in a cross-layer manner. In conventional systems, the decision on how to choose the ideal physical mode (PHY-mode) is primarily based on the knowledge of the interference encountered. This information is reported to higher-layer entities that deal with the radio resource management. Subsequently, the radio resource management entity makes a decision as to which physical resource will be used (e.g. by employing a DCA algorithms as described in Chapter 5 and 8) and this information is reported back to the physical layer. It is apparent that this process can take quite a long time. Meanwhile the channel conditions may have changed significantly. Hence, the previously chosen radio resource may no longer be the ideal choice. Therefore, new methods (e.g. resource metric estimation) are discussed here that (a) base the decision as to which radio resource to use, not only on interference, but also, for example, on the statistics of the channel state information, and (b) make the decision as to which radio resource to use already at the physical layer. For (a) it is shown that the TDD mode is ideally suited due to the reciprocity of the channel.
8 - Multi-hop DCA
- Edited by Harald Haas, Universität Bremen, Stephen McLaughlin, University of Edinburgh
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DCA techniques
Congestion-based routing, as developed in the previous chapter, is shown to require the lowest transmitted power, and in most cases achieves the highest capacity of all the routing algorithms examined in Chapter 5. All of these routing algorithms have allocated TDD time slots on a first-come-first-served basis and according to the rules outlined in section 6.4.1. This allocation only serves to ensure that the limitations of the TDD hardware are considered. It makes no attempt to optimise time slot allocation.
The allocation of time slots with regard to system performance has been shown to be an effective technique to mitigate interference (Haas, 2000). Integrating slot allocation, or DCA, into the routing algorithm would appear to be the most effective approach due to the interactive nature of interference. This approach will also need to conform to the extra limitations imposed by relaying. In addition to the rules in section 6.4.1, it is obvious that the slot allocation must be in the same order as the relays. A combined DCA will allow minimisation of the desired measure, in this case congestion, simultaneously in routing and slot allocation. This chapter develops a combined routing and resource allocation algorithm for TDD-CDMA relaying. It starts by reviewing one such algorithm applicable to TDMA and FDMA. A novel method of time slot allocation according to relaying requirements is then developed. Two measures of assessing congestion are presented based on matrix norms.
6 - UTRA-TDD Opportunity-Driven Multiple Access (ODMA)
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In this and the following two chapters the focus moves away from networks which are controlled centrally by a base station to a hybrid cellular network which permits cellular operation as well as peer-to-peer operation. Essentially we consider multi-hop wireless networks based on opportunity-driven multiple access (ODMA) which will be shown to reduce the overall transmission power in a system, to be resilient to shadowing and to potentially increase the coverage compared with single-hop transmission. However, for simple receivers and low user density, the actual capacity of UTRA-TDD may be marginally reduced from the maximum non-relaying capacity. This chapter begins the study of ODMA based systems by analysing the implications of relaying in a cellular scenario compared to a conventional nonrelaying system. Initially the interference is analysed by investigating the effect of reduced transmitted power resulting from reduced path loss for a link. The effect of shadowing is considered and it is shown that a relaying system is able to benefit from increased zero mean lognormal shadowing by utilising the diversity of paths available. A correlated shadowing model is developed from a previous model considering both distance and angle of arrival (Klingenbrunn and Mogensen, 1999) to include the shadowing correlation between all transceivers, as they may all be available to receive in a relaying environment. It is shown that while this affects the interference pattern the perturbation is not significant.
Index
- Edited by Harald Haas, Universität Bremen, Stephen McLaughlin, University of Edinburgh
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List of abbreviations
- Edited by Harald Haas, Universität Bremen, Stephen McLaughlin, University of Edinburgh
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Contents
- Edited by Harald Haas, Universität Bremen, Stephen McLaughlin, University of Edinburgh
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- 10 January 2008, pp v-vii
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